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Article History

Received: 28 May 2024

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 20 March 2026

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, on October 16, 2023 (Approval No. 20231016-2).

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Given the low-risk and anonymous nature of the online survey, a comprehensive informed consent statement was presented on the landing page of the questionnaire distributed via the Sojump platform, and no separate written consent form was required. Informed consent was obtained on November 7, 2023, when participants accessed the survey. This statement explained the purpose of the research, assured participants that their participation was completely anonymous, stated that the data would be used solely for academic research purposes, and indicated that there were no foreseeable risks associated with participation. Participants were informed that by proceeding to the questionnaire after reading the statement—specifically by clicking the “Next” button to begin the survey—they were providing their implied consent. This consent covered participation in the study, the analysis of anonymized data, and the publication of the research findings.