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Article History

Received: 4 June 2025

Accepted: 8 March 2026

First Online: 24 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures involving human participants in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee, as well as with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments, including the most recent revision in 2024. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the College of Art & Design, Nanjing Forestry University (Approval Number: NJFU-CAD-EC-2025021-01, Approval Date: January 21, 2025). The eye-tracking experiments and questionnaire survey commenced on January 25, 2025. This was not a retrospective ethical approval.

: All participants in this study provided written informed consent. The consent was obtained on January 25, 2025. The research was based on visual image presentation and eye-tracking experiments, prior to the beginning of the experimental procedures. Prior to the experiment, researchers provided each participant (over 18 years old) with a detailed explanation of the study and obtained signed consent. Specifically, researchers conducted individual face-to-face briefing sessions, explained the study purpose and procedures in detail, answered any questions raised by the participants, and then obtained their written informed consent through signed forms. The consent form included information about the research purpose, experimental procedures, the voluntary nature of participation, the right to withdraw at any time, and the anonymized handling of all data. The eye-tracking experiment recorded only the participants’ gaze trajectories and did not involve facial images or any personally identifiable information. Upon completion of the experiment, all participants completed a semantic differential questionnaire and reconfirmed their consent for academic analysis and publication of anonymized data.