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Article History

Received: 24 March 2025

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 23 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was not medical research, nor was it considered human experimentation as described in the Declaration of Helsinki, and the questionnaire did not adversely affect the mental health of the respondents. The study was reviewed and approved by the Teaching and Research Ethics Committee of Wuhan University of Technology (Approval No.: [2020]023, Approval Date: March 3, 2020). All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with institutional research guidelines and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: The informed consent process was conducted concurrently with the questionnaire distribution from April 6, 2020, to August 6, 2020. Participants received the informed consent information via email. The informed consent statement on the first page of the electronic questionnaire explained the purpose of the study, assured participants of their anonymity, guaranteed that their responses would be used solely for academic purposes, and stated that there were no risks associated with participation. All participants were required to click “Agree” on the first page before proceeding to complete the questionnaire. Participant consent was indicated by the return of the completed electronic questionnaires. Furthermore, this study did not involve vulnerable populations or minors.