Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 May 2025

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 23 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study exclusively used fully anonymized data and did not involve the collection of any personally identifiable information. In accordance with Article 9, Clause 2 of the Nanzan University Ethical Guidelines for Conducting Research Involving Human Subjects (Supplementary Provision effective April 1, 2025), research that “only uses information derived from materials through which the identity of the subjects can no longer be traced” is exempt from institutional ethical review. As all participant data were irreversibly anonymized at the point of acquisition, this study was therefore exempt from formal ethical screening.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. Data were collected via an anonymous online questionnaire in February 2025. Before accessing the survey, participants were provided with detailed information regarding the purpose of the study, data confidentiality, data usage for academic research only, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Consent was provided electronically, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the institutional ethical guidelines of Nanzan University.