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Article History

Received: 31 December 2024

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 3 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study method received ethical approval from the School Ethics Committee of Beijing Institute of Technology on 21 April 2021 (No. 20210421). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the committee and complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Participation was voluntary and anonymous, and no personally identifiable information was collected.

: This study was conducted in public spaces with minimal risk to participants, so an opt-out model of informed consent was adopted. During data collection, participants were clearly informed of the research purpose, potential use for publication, and secure data storage procedures prior to interviews and questionnaire completion. Data were used solely for academic research. Signed informed consent forms were obtained, confirming that anonymous data would not disclose personal information. If individuals who contacted the research team mentioned that they did not wish to have their personal data collected, they were immediately excluded from the study. As of February 11, 2026, no participant had contacted the research team to request exclusion of their personal information.