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The synergistic effects of urban soundscapes, building spacing, and green wall on the perceived restorativeness of window views: a VR-based investigation with EEG and psychological assessments

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-07009-1

Published Online: 2026-03-23

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Liu, Yang

Li, Wenbo
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-03-23

Accepted Manuscript valid from 2026-03-23
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Article History

Received: 28 June 2025

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 23 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the School of Art and Design, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University (Protocol code: 1001/2024). Ethical approval was granted on 1 October 2024. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review board and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Written informed consent was obtained prior to data collection, and all participants were fully informed about the study’s purpose, experimental procedures, potential risks, and data anonymization protocols. Consent was granted between 1 October 2024 and 25 November 2024.

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