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Article History

Received: 2 May 2025

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 24 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee, School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology (MUST) (Approval Number: MSB-202514) on 5 October 2024. This study’s procedures comply with institutional ethical requirements and relevant international standards, including the Declaration of Helsinki and the American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines. The research protocol met all requirements for the protection of participants’ rights, safety, and welfare.

: The informed consent process commenced on 3 November 2024, following ethical approval. All participants provided informed consent before participation. Participation was voluntary, and respondents could withdraw at any time without penalty. Data were collected anonymously and used solely for academic research purposes. This study involved no foreseeable physical or psychological risks.