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Authors
Liu, Na
Wang, Junxiu
Zang, Wanli
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Graduate Research Innovation Support Program of the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (UCASS) project (2025-KY-066)
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Article History
Received: 14 July 2025
Accepted: 9 March 2026
First Online: 24 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the School of Sociology and Ethnology of the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (Approval No.: UCASS-SSE2023112001) on November 20, 2023. The scope of the approval included the purpose and content of this study, the investigating procedure and participants. All procedures complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and Chinese national research ethics guidelines.
: Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection (Dates: 2-28 December/2023). Participants were explicitly informed of: (1) The survey is anonymous, ensuring the confidentiality of each participant; (2) The purpose and value of this research; (3) The collected data will be used solely for research purposes and analyzed at an aggregate level, without individual analysis of any participant’s data; (4) Participation in this questionnaire survey is voluntary, and respondents may withdraw their consent at any time.
