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Article History

Received: 10 June 2025

Accepted: 10 March 2026

First Online: 3 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Committee for Human Research of East China Normal University, China (Approval No. 20240116, approved on 16 January 2024). The scope of the approval covered all research procedures involving children’s participation, data collection, and data analysis. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participating children before the study began. Members of the research team explained the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, data handling methods, and participants’ rights to the parents or guardians. They were informed that participation was voluntary and that withdrawal was possible at any time without any adverse consequences. Considering the young age of the participants, verbal assent was also sought from the children in an age-appropriate manner. Consent forms were distributed and collected in December 2024 at Jiangbin Kindergarten in Fujian, China. All data were anonymized prior to analysis, and no personally identifiable information was retained or disclosed.