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Article History

Received: 1 September 2025

Accepted: 10 March 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki, established by the World Medical Association, and the Korean Bioethics and Safety Act (Act No. 17783). In addition, this study met the criteria for exemption from formal review by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in accordance with the research ethics guidelines and relevant regulations of Sogang University. According to these guidelines, online survey-based research involving adult participants may be exempt from full IRB review when participation was voluntary, anonymity was ensured, and no personally identifiable or sensitive information was collected. As this study satisfied these criteria, formal ethical approval was not required.

: The data used in this study were collected in a fully anonymized manner, and no individual participants could be identified. Participants were provided with sufficient information in advance regarding the purpose of the study, the anonymity of their responses, the intended use of the data, and any potential risks associated with participation. Participation in the study was entirely voluntary, and participants were clearly informed that they could withdraw at any time without any penalty or disadvantage.