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Article History

Received: 16 May 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Baoshan University. The research was reviewed and exempted from formal full ethical review by the Ethics Committee of Baoshan University; Exemption Date: 15 October 2024. The scope of this exemption covers the entire research process of anonymous questionnaire distribution, in-depth interview implementation, and data collation and analysis for this study. The on-site questionnaire and in-depth interviews were conducted anonymously; no personal identifiers were collected and the topics did not involve minors or other vulnerable populations. Under the Measures for the Ethical Review of Science and Technology Activities (Trial) (Guoke Fazhan Jiancha [2023] No.167, released by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China and other competent departments on 7 September 2023 and effective on 1 December 2023), studies whose ethical risk is “no higher than minimal risk” may follow the simplified review procedure, which in practice amounts to an institutional exemption.¹ Consequently, ethical approval is not applicable. ¹ State Council of the People’s Republic of China. Measures for the Ethical Review of Science and Technology Activities (Trial). Published 7 September 2023, effective 1 December 2023. Available at: .

: We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us.