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Article History

Received: 12 August 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 27 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The DeepSeek and ChatGPT were used during the revision of this manuscript. The use of the AI tool was limited to language refinement, no involvement in research design, data analysis, or conclusion drafting. We, the authors, take full responsibility for the accuracy and originality of the content presented in this manuscript.

: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for this study, covering both the initial and supplementary phases of data collection, was granted by The Ethics Committee of Sichuan International Studies University (Approval Number SISU- LL20250005) on September 30, 2025. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Oral informed consent was digitally audio-recorded for all participants. Written consent was not feasible due to time constraints inherent in the classroom setting. Consent procedures were administered by Dr. Jinlong Yang and a trained research assistant. Participants included 288 undergraduate students and 2 teachers. All individuals were informed of the following aspects of the research: Participation is voluntary; Data collected will be used solely for research purposes; All data will be anonymized prior to analysis; Participants consent to the publication of anonymized findings in academic journals, books, or reports. Informed consent was obtained prior to any data collection activities. The consent process took place between June 16, 2024, and October 11, 2025.