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Article History

Received: 4 December 2024

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 30 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study were conducted in accordance with the institutional ethical guidelines and the principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments, or comparable ethical standards. Ethical approval for this survey-based research involving human participants was granted by the Human Ethics Committee of Taylor’s University (Approval No. HEC 2023/337), with approval valid from 18 December 2023 to 31 March 2024. All participants were at least 18 years old and were fully informed about the purpose of the study prior to participation. Participation was voluntary, and all information collected was kept strictly confidential and anonymous and used solely for academic research purposes.

: In accordance with ethical guidelines, an online consent form and relevant information were provided to all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Each participant was fully informed about the purpose of the study, the number of survey items, and the expected duration of participation. It was explicitly stated that participation was completely voluntary and that participants had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without any penalty or negative consequences. They were also assured that their identities and responses would remain anonymous and confidential throughout the research process. Informed consent was granted on 18 December 2023 prior to the administration of the survey. The questionnaires were subsequently distributed between 27 December 2023 and 6 February 2024.