Document is current

Article History

Received: 19 March 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 1 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the UCL Research Ethics Committee (approval number: 13121/003) on the 24 th of February 2021. The research was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study involved an anonymous online survey administered from the UK to adult participants residing in the UK, the United States, and Turkey. Ethical review and approval were obtained from the authors’ institutional review body (UCL), which evaluated the study protocol, consent procedures, and data protection measures. For research conducted online without physical intervention and involving anonymous participation, additional local ethics committee approval was not required in the United States or the United Kingdom. For Turkey, the research complied with national regulations governing research involving human participants, and the necessary research permission was obtained from the relevant governmental authority.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants by the research team via the Qualtrics platform prior to participation in the online survey, between 9 March and 8 April 2021. Before providing consent, participants were informed about the purpose of the study (to examine factors affecting vaccine hesitancy), the voluntary nature of their participation, and that the survey would take approximately 15 minutes to complete. Participants were informed that their responses would be collected anonymously, stored securely, and used for research purposes only, and that it would not be possible to identify them in any research outputs. Only individuals aged 18 years or older and residing in the UK, US or Turkey were eligible to participate. Consent was indicated by selecting an agreement checkbox before accessing the survey.