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Article History

Received: 6 January 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 30 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Ethical approval was obtained from Gannan University of Science and Technology (Protocol No. 31, approved on 05 November 2024) and Zhejiang International Studies University (Protocol No. 125, approved on 12 December 2024). The approvals covered all aspects of the study, including participant recruitment, data collection, and data analysis. Approval included all procedures involving human participants in the study.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the procedures involved, their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and the confidentiality of their data. The data collection phase, including the distribution of invitations and completion of questionnaires, was conducted from February 1 to April 1, 2025, ensuring data confidentiality. Personal data were protected through secure data storage and anonymization procedures. Consent covered participation, data use, and publication. No financial compensation was provided.