Document is current

Article History

Received: 24 December 2024

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 27 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to the commencement of the study, on August 5, 2024, an ethics approval exemption was granted by the Institutional Review Board of the Department of Global Convergence, Kangwon National University. The exemption was granted on the grounds that the study was classified as low-risk research, as it did not involve any physical intervention with individuals (i.e., directly manipulating the participants or their environment to obtain data), nor did it involve the use of any identifiable information (i.e., data that could directly or indirectly identify the study participants).

: During the telephone interview phase, all 20 participants signed and submitted an electronic informed consent form prior to the start of the interview. This consent procedure was organized by the corresponding author between August 10 and September 2, 2024. In the online questionnaire, the informed consent statement was clearly presented on the first page, and participants were required to click the “Agree” button before proceeding to complete the survey. All 191 respondents provided informed consent in this manner. In the offline survey, all 178 participants signed and submitted a paper-based informed consent form before completing the questionnaire. The questionnaire survey was conducted both online and offline simultaneously, with the consent process organized by the corresponding author between September 10 and October 15, 2024. The informed consent process of this study covered participants’ willingness to participate, data usage, and publication permissions. Prior to the commencement of each research stage, all participants were explicitly informed of their unconditional right to withdraw from the study at any time, the full protection of their anonymity, the purpose of the study, how the data would be used, and that the research was classified as low-risk.