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Article History

Received: 1 July 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study involving human participants was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and relevant ethical guidelines and regulations. Ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Ethics Committee at Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Airlangga (Approval ID: 1405/B/UN3.SPS/I/PT.04.08/2024) on August 5th, 2024.

: Informed consent was obtained offline through a written consent form. Prior to participation, all potential respondents were provided with a detailed explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, assurances regarding confidentiality, and their right to withdraw participation at any stage without penalty. After reading and fully understanding the provided information, participants voluntarily signed the informed consent forms, thereby agreeing to take part in the study. This consent process was completed by all 2111 participants, who were higher education students enrolled in Diploma, Bachelor, Master, and Doctoral programs across multiple universities in East and Central Java, Indonesia. Consent forms were collected between August 2024 and April 2025. Upon providing signed informed consent, participants proceeded to fill out the questionnaire electronically via Google Forms.