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Article History

Received: 10 February 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 2 April 2026

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study involved an anonymous, face-to-face questionnaire survey of adult participants conducted in public spaces in Yilan County, Taiwan. No personally identifiable information was collected. Participation was entirely voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from all respondents prior to participation. According to the regulations of the University of Taipei Institutional Review Board and relevant national research ethics guidelines in Taiwan, this study was exempt from formal ethical review because it involved minimal risk, anonymous data collection, and did not involve vulnerable populations. All procedures were conducted in accordance with accepted ethical standards for research involving human participants.

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.