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Article History

Received: 17 August 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 15 April 2026

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: The procedure of this study involving human participants and their anonymous survey responses was in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study protocol was reviewed by the research ethics committee of the Center for Public Health Risk Surveillance and Information Communication in Guangdong Province and determined to be exempt from full review on July 7 2020 (No. 20WJ002) because the survey collected anonymous responses and posed minimal risk to participants. Participants provided informed consent before beginning the survey. The approval covered the purpose of the study, research questions and hypotheses, sample, the procedure of participant recruitment, and the way the data were managed, as specified in the approval protocol.

: The informed consent was obtained prior to the survey and presented to the participants on the first page of the survey. It explained the purpose and the procedure of this study, the potential risks and benefits of participation in this study, and privacy management methods. Respondents could choose to agree to participate in the study by circling the “I agree” option at the end of the informed consent sheet. Only the responses from those that indicated their agreement to participate were included for the analysis. The informed consent was obtained when data were collected in September and October 2020.