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Article History

Received: 13 May 2024

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the College of Public Administration and Humanities at Dalian Maritime University (No. 112200).

: The written informed consent has been obtained from participants (or their parent or legal guardian in the case of children under 16).