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Authors
Li, Jianfeng
Wang, Feilan
Wu, Ronghan
Li, Linbin
Ji, Tao
Liang, Yongning
An, Pengyuan
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Article History
Received: 15 May 2024
Accepted: 18 March 2026
First Online: 14 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study is based exclusively on secondary data obtained from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database, which is publicly available and open access. The data do not involve human participants, personal identifiers, or confidential information. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required for this study.
: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.
: The paper’s publication is permitted by all of the authors.
