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Authors
Yeh, Melody Hsiao-San
Kuo, Chun-Tung
Hsieh, Shu-Hui
Lu, Tzu-Pin
Li, Vincent Cheng-Sheng
Lee, John Tayu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Center for Survey Research, Academia Sinica
National Taiwan University (NTU-SPIR-115L8412)
Ministry of Education (MOE-112-YSFMN-0003-002-P1)
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Article History
Received: 27 September 2025
Accepted: 18 March 2026
First Online: 21 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board for Humanities and Social Science Research at Academia Sinica (Approval No. AS-IRB-HS07-113070, dated May 31, 2024) and the Research Ethics Committee of National Taiwan University (Approval No. 202411HS043, dated February 6, 2025). The survey data were retrospectively de-identified to ensure compliance with ethical research guidelines. For the questionnaire data used in this study, all respondents provided written informed consent prior to completing the online survey. The consent process was conducted between October 11 and November 29, 2024, and participants confirmed their consent electronically before proceeding with the questionnaire. The data analysis was conducted after de-identification, in order to safeguard the privacy of the respondents and uphold data confidentiality principles.
: For the questionnaire data used in this study, all respondents signed the informed consent form prior to participation.
