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Modeling the social-ecological factors influencing the sustainable development of the international Chinese language training industry: evidence from 20 countries

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-07142-x

Published Online: 2026-04-04

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Zeng, Chengang

Geng, Zhi

Tang, Jiaye
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

National Language Commission of China (YB145-86)

Center for Language Education and Cooperation of China (24YH04B)

the Chinese Testing International Co., Ltd. (CTI2021ZB02)
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-04-04

Version of Record valid from 2026-06-03
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Article History

Received: 4 December 2024

Accepted: 19 March 2026

First Online: 4 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

: This was not required, as outlined in the ethical statement.

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