Document is current

Article History

Received: 7 April 2025

Accepted: 19 March 2026

First Online: 4 May 2026

Competing interests

: This research was conducted partially to provide written information and data to the Portland Committee on Community-Engaged Policing.

: Ethics approval for this research was provided by the Conjoint Faculties Research Ethics Board (CFREB) at the University of Calgary on September 21, 2023. The research was approved, in accordance with the Canadian Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (TCPS-2; Panel on Research Ethics, 2022), and was provided the approval ID of REB21-1461. The scope of approval included uses for a recruitment slide, informed consent form, raffle entry 1.0, survey 1.0, and a QR code link for a police-perspectives survey on Qualtrics.

: Due to the use of an archival approach towards data collection and utilizing publicly available secondary data, there was no need to collect informed consent for this project. In line with Article 5.5A of the TCPS-2 (Panel on Research Ethics, 2022), all public and historical data used has been de-identified to help protect and maintain the privacy and confidentiality of the individuals mentioned in scholarly, news and social media data.