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Article History

Received: 20 March 2025

Accepted: 23 March 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research is exempt from ethical approval since it involves no risk to human subjects. This study complies with all applicable national data protection laws and with Douyin’s terms of service. Only publicly accessible data were collected, and no private or non-public platform data were accessed.

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.