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Article History

Received: 4 March 2024

Accepted: 26 March 2026

First Online: 8 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study has been approved by the Academic Committee of the Research Institute for Study Travel at Henan University (October 18, 2023; No.: 2023-010LLYX-002), which is responsible for the ethical review of all research projects conducted by the faculty of the institute. The design and implementation of all procedures in this study have adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, and the scope of approval encompasses all aspects of the research.

: In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, the researchers collected sample data from Chinese tourists in Kaifeng, China, in November 2023, by distributing self-administered paper questionnaires offline using a random sampling method. Before respondents began answering the questionnaire, the researchers explained the purpose of the study, the specific procedures, the scope of data use, data protection measures, the potential public disclosure of anonymized results, and the respondents’ right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. Respondents completed the questionnaire based solely on their own views and intentions, and provided their informed consent. All of this information (the study description and informed consent statement) appeared in the introductory section on the first page of the paper questionnaire. By continuing to complete the questionnaire, respondents indicated their informed consent, ensuring voluntary participation and the confidentiality of their responses. They could withdraw from the study at any time, according to their personal preference. The questionnaires were completed during the formal sampling survey period in November 2023, after receiving ethical approval on October 18, 2023.