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Authors
Shi, Meng
Huang, Jinyan
Liu, Ying
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
China’s Educational Science Planning in 2024 (BAA240028)
Key Project of Jiangsu Province Education Science Planning (B/2025/01/65)
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Article History
Received: 21 September 2024
Accepted: 26 March 2026
First Online: 24 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study adhered to the ethical guidelines outlined in the Code of Ethics for Research in Education as established by the American Educational Research Association. Ethical approval was obtained from the Evidence-based Research Center for Educational Assessment (ERCEA) Research Ethical Review Board at Jiangsu University (Approval number: ERCEA 2311) on November 2, 2023.
: The participants had provided their written informed consent before they participated in this study. They have been fully informed of the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation and anonymity, how data would be used, and the potential benefits and risks of participating in this study. The informed consent was obtained between December 1 and December 5, 2023.
