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Article History

Received: 9 July 2025

Accepted: 27 March 2026

First Online: 8 April 2026

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study is based exclusively on secondary analysis of publicly available, aggregated administrative data obtained from official reports. The research does not involve human participants, personal data, interviews, surveys, or experimental procedures. Accordingly, formal ethical approval from an institutional review board or ethics committee was not required under applicable national and institutional guidelines.

: This study did not involve human participants, individual-level data, or identifiable personal information. All data used were publicly available in aggregated form through official governmental publications. Therefore, informed consent was not required.