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Article History

Received: 19 October 2025

Accepted: 27 March 2026

First Online: 21 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Hebei Academy of Fine Arts (Approval Code: HBAFA-2024-0321), date of ethical approval, which was obtained on 13 May 2024, prior to the commencement of data collection. The scope of this approval covered all study procedures, including participant recruitment, questionnaire survey, data collection, and data analysis, as described in the manuscript. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulatory requirements of the People’s Republic of China. Specifically, the research adhered to the “Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human Beings (2023)” and the “Measures for the Ethical Review of Science and Technology Activities (Trial) (2023)”.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participating students and instructors on 1st August 2024, prior to data collection. No participants under the age of 16 were involved in the study. Informed consent covered voluntary participation, the use of de-identified data for analysis, and the publication of findings. Participants were informed of the research objectives, anonymity assurance, data usage for research purposes, and their right to withdraw at any time without disadvantage. No foreseeable risks were associated with participation beyond the time and effort required for the survey, and no vulnerable individuals were involved.