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Authors
Wu, Zhou
Zhang, Jingjing
Shi, Liang
Lu, Lijun
Lin, Dan
Zhu, Zude
Chen, Qingrong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Graduate Research and Innovation Projects of Jiangsu Province (KYCX22_1439)
Major Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China (21&ZD288)
Key Program of the National Social Science Foundation of China (18AYY010)
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Article History
Received: 22 June 2025
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 11 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University (February 17, 2018/No. 201802173).
: Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to their participation in the study (September–October 2018). Participants were fully informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and the intended use of the data. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any time without penalty or negative consequences. All data were collected anonymously and treated with strict confidentiality. No personally identifiable information was included in the analyses or publications.
