Document is current

Article History

Received: 17 January 2025

Accepted: 30 March 2026

First Online: 10 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The ethics approval was obtained from the institutional review board of the Institute of Deyang Psychology and Behavior Science Research Center, with the following ID number: XLXW-2023-02. The Institute of Deyang Psychology and Behavior Science Research Center Research Ethics Committee reviewed and approved the study protocol, involving research design and methods, recruitment approach for participants, data collection and privacy protection, and informed consent.

: All participants provided written informed consent electronically prior to completing the questionnaire. Data collection was conducted in May 2023. A complete informed consent statement was displayed on the first page of the questionnaire, outlining the purpose of the study, the scope of data use, the voluntary nature of participation, anonymization procedures, and assurance that there were no known risks involved. Participants were required to actively check a box labeled “I have read and agree to participate in this study”, and this action was digitally recorded as valid electronic consent. The consent clearly stated that the participant’s information would be used solely for data analysis and academic publication related to this study, with no personally identifiable information collected, and all data handled in strict anonymity.