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Article History

Received: 5 February 2025

Accepted: 30 March 2026

First Online: 23 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Research and Creation Office of Shandong University of Art & Design on January 14, 2024. Ethics Approval Number: 20240117. Ethical approval includes the requirement toinform participants of voluntary participation and informed consent, and to explain the purpose and procedure to participants. All methods were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the aforementioned ethics committee.

: Before conducting the survey, all participants and their guardians were verbally informed of the study’s purpose and objectives, with assurances of anonymity provided. The study did not cause any physical, emotional, or psychological issues for participants, nor did it involve any privacy risks or significant ethical concerns. All participants provided their consent, with an emphasis on the voluntary nature of their participation. Participants were also informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time. Additionally, they were briefed on the procedures prior to the tasks, ensuring they understood what would occur and how to complete the tasks. In South Korea and China, the collection of questionnaires and informed consent forms will primarily be conducted in person, with data collected on an ongoing basis from January 16, 2024, to June 30, 2024.