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Article History

Received: 11 May 2025

Accepted: 30 March 2026

First Online: 11 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study obtained all necessary ethical approvals prior to commencement, in accordance with the ethical guidelines for social science research established by Hassan II University of Casablanca. Approval was granted in December 2023 by the PRISM Laboratory at the Higher School of Technology in Casablanca, affiliated with the university. The research was conducted in alignment with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring the protection of participants’ rights, well-being, and informed consent. Furthermore, the study complied with Moroccan Law No. 09–08 dated February 18, 2009, concerning the protection of individuals with respect to the processing of personal data, providing a legal framework to safeguard participant privacy and confidentiality throughout the research process.

: All respondents provided explicit written consent to participate after being fully informed about the study’s objectives and procedures, prior to the administration of the questionnaire conducted between January and March 2024.