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Article History

Received: 3 December 2024

Accepted: 31 March 2026

First Online: 15 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Taylor’s University Malaysia (Approval Number: HEC 2023/001) prior to participant recruitment and data collection. The approval was not obtained retrospectively and was valid from 4 January 2023 to December 2024. The study was conducted in accordance with the approved methodology and Taylor’s University institutional policy governing research involving human participants, and applicable ethical guidelines in Malaysia. Under the University’s human research ethics policy, the fundamental ethical principles governing research involving human subjects are enshrined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Prior to commencing the online survey via Google Forms during the data collection period (March to June 2023), participants were presented with an online information statement prepared by the research team. The statement outlined the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, confidentiality assurances, and the right to withdraw at any time by choosing not to complete or submit the questionnaire. Participants indicated their consent by proceeding with the survey after reading the information statement. No personal identifying information (e.g., names or identification numbers) was collected. Participants were assured that their responses would only be used for academic research purposes.