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Article History

Received: 18 March 2025

Accepted: 31 March 2026

First Online: 14 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study does not involve human participants or their private data; it exclusively involves a corpus-based textual analysis of translated Chinese female-lead internet literature and publicly accessible online reviews. According to Sections 1.1 and 1.4 of the East China Normal University Committee on Human Research Protection Standard Operation Procedure (5th Revision, Nov 2025), “human subjects research” is strictly defined as studies involving physical or behavioral intervention, interaction, or the collection of identifiable private information. Furthermore, Section 6.1 explicitly states that academic activities utilizing publicly available texts do not constitute human subjects research. Since our study relies entirely on pre-existing, public internet data without any human intervention or expectation of privacy, it is inherently exempt from formal ethical review.

: This study does not involve human participants or their private data. It relies exclusively on pre-existing, publicly accessible online reception data (reader reviews) where there is no expectation of privacy. Consequently, the requirement for obtaining informed consent is entirely not applicable to this study.