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Authors
Fute, Antony
Oubibi, Mohamed
Amihere, Augustine
Kangwa, Daniel
Msafiri, Mgambi Msambwa
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Article History
Received: 6 October 2025
Accepted: 1 April 2026
First Online: 14 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Yulin University, China (Protocol code: ECYLU/20240072), approved on 2024.04.09, and the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of St. Augustine University of Tanzania (Protocol code: SAUT/REC/EDU/2024019), approved on 2024.03.11. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of both institutions and with the 2013 Declaration of Helsinki.
: Written informed consent was obtained electronically as part of the questionnaire (online survey) administered between May 13th and December 21st , 2024. Participants confirmed their consent before proceeding to the survey, after being informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, voluntary participation, confidentiality, anonymity, and their right to withdraw their responses at any time without consequences.
