Document is current

Article History

Received: 26 August 2025

Accepted: 2 April 2026

First Online: 15 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research was reviewed and approved by the Qatar University (QU) Institutional Review Board (IRB) committee (Approval No. QU-IRB1806513-1) on 28th September 2021. All research was performed in accordance with the committee guidelines, ensuring the ethical treatment, protection of rights, and safety of human subjects involved in this research.

: All participants were provided with clear online information on the purpose and procedures of the research, and informed written consent was obtained electronically from the owners and/or managers of SMEs prior to their participation (1st October 2021-31st January 2022). The scope of consent covers confidentiality, participation, right to withdraw from the study, data use, and consent to publish the results.