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Article History

Received: 6 October 2025

Accepted: 3 April 2026

First Online: 18 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The ethics committee of Jinan University approved the study protocol (approval granted on 11 May 2022). Participants signed an informed consent form prior to commencing the research. The study’s objectives, along with assurances of confidentiality and anonymity, were clearly described, and volunteers were granted full autonomy to complete the questionnaire. All personal data collected during the project adhered to relevant legal and regulatory guidelines. All procedures involving human participants in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants between October 2023 and April 2024. They were fully informed of the study’s objectives, procedures, and other relevant details; assured that participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw at any time without adverse consequences; and notified of the confidentiality protections in place. The research methods posed no foreseeable risks to participants.