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Authors
Hu, Mingye
Wei, Yichan
Li, Yan
Liu, Xiaoxiao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72102179)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72201289)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72471186)
MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences (21XJC630003)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023M742818)
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Article History
Received: 20 July 2025
Accepted: 3 April 2026
First Online: 18 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study relied exclusively on secondary observational data collected from publicly accessible online platforms and statistical databases. The data were generated independently of this research and involved no direct interaction with human participants, no experimental manipulation, and no use of identifiable private or confidential personal information. All analyses were conducted on aggregated and de-identified data.
: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.
