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Article History

Received: 26 February 2025

Accepted: 7 April 2026

First Online: 28 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in compliance with ethical research guidelines, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Formal ethical approval was not obtained as the study involved only anonymous survey responses and did not collect sensitive personal data or biological materials. The study adhered to the research ethics policies of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) and followed the guidelines set by UTM Research Ethics Committee (UTM-REC). According to UTM Research Ethics Guidelines, ethics approval is not required for studies that: Collect anonymous survey data without personally identifiable information (PII); Do not involve medical interventions, biological samples, or experiments on human subjects; Ensure voluntary participation and confidentiality. A written confirmation from UTM Research Ethics Committee (UTM-REC) stating that ethics approval was not required has been obtained and is submitted as a cover letter alongside this manuscript. All research procedures complied with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants were informed about the study’s objectives and provided explicit consent before completing the survey. The study followed all ethical guidelines, ensuring confidentiality, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw at any time without consequences.

: This study was conducted in accordance with ethical research guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Participants were informed about the research objectives, data confidentiality, and their rights, including voluntary participation and withdrawal at any time without consequences. As no identifiable personal data or images of participants were used in the publication, additional consent for publication was not required.