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Article History

Received: 24 March 2025

Accepted: 8 April 2026

First Online: 23 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The data for this research came from the CEO barometers, the official survey agency of the Regional Government. Full legal Spanish requirements and restrictions to conduct studies about voting and political opinion were complied with, in accordance with ESOMAR Int. Code on Market, Opinion and Social Research and Data Analytics. All the statistical analyses fulfilled conditions established by the Ethical Commissions of the University of Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University and the Autonomous University of Barcelona for treatment of human data, when their sources are surveys made by official agencies or private firms under specific external regulations with due guarantees. An ethics approval was not required for this secondary analysis of the data, as per the authors’ Institutions and national regulations.

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.