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Article History

Received: 14 May 2025

Accepted: 8 April 2026

First Online: 18 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study is based entirely on publicly available, aggregated macroeconomic and statistical data (e.g., Multi-Regional Input-Output tables, China Statistical Yearbooks, and published Shared Socioeconomic Pathways datasets). No human participants, human biological materials, or animal subjects were involved in this research. Therefore, ethical approval was not required for this study.

: This study does not involve any individual human participants or personal identifiable data. All data used are publicly available, aggregated statistical datasets at the provincial and sectoral levels. Therefore, informed consent was not applicable.