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Authors
Han, Bingqin
Liu, Diyi
Qi, Suntong
Wang, Lisong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China (23YJCZH129; 24YJCZH080)
Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China (23YJCZH129; 24YJCZH080)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72304154)
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Article History
Received: 25 December 2024
Accepted: 8 April 2026
First Online: 20 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Before commencing the study, ethical approval has been obtained from the institutional review board (IRB) of Nankai University. All research involving human participants was conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations applicable, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study, ensuring their rights and well-being were protected throughout the research process. All procedures involving human participants in this study were reviewed and approved by the Tianjin University Ethical Review Board (IRB) on September 18th 2024, under approval number [TJUE25HM005]. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: Informed consent has been sought from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Participants will be provided with detailed information about the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. They will be assured of their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Consent will be documented through a signed form, ensuring that participants fully understand their involvement and the use of their data. Data collection occurred between Sep 28th and Oct 12th 2024.
