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Article History

Received: 16 July 2025

Accepted: 9 April 2026

First Online: 21 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and complied with all relevant national and institutional ethical guidelines and regulations governing research involving human participants in Türkiye. Ethical approval was obtained from the Düzce University Social Sciences and Humanities Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee (Decision No: 350; approval date: 03 July 2025). The study was conducted in a single country (Türkiye); therefore, no additional local or international ethical approvals were required. The study protocol, including informed consent procedures and data protection measures, was reviewed and approved by the aforementioned ethics committee.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. The consent process was conducted face-to-face between 04 July 2025 and 11 July 2025 during the data collection period. All participants were provided with both written and verbal information regarding the study’s purpose, procedures, duration, confidentiality, voluntary participation, and their right to withdraw at any time without any adverse consequences. All data were collected anonymously, stored securely, and used solely for scientific purposes.