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Article History

Received: 24 April 2025

Accepted: 9 April 2026

First Online: 27 April 2026

Competing interests

: Aiping Gou reports that financial support was provided by Shanghai Institute of Technology. Chunyan Gou reports a relationship with Chongqing City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine that includes: funding grants and paid expert testimony. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

: This study used patient data provided by the Institute of Chronic Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The data were collected by the institute, and all personal identifying information was removed. As this study did not involve direct interaction with human participants and used data collected, processed, and released by a government agency under a statutory framework, ethical approval was waived. The procedures used in this study comply with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: As this study involved the analysis of pre-existing, anonymized data from which all personal identifiers had been removed, the requirement for informed consent was waived. The data provider authorized the use of the data for this research under the terms of the signed Agreement.