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Article History

Received: 22 October 2025

Accepted: 10 April 2026

First Online: 20 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The authors declare that the study adhered to all relevant ethical standards for research involving human participants and in accordance with the University’s research guidelines. The questionnaire and methodology employed for this study were approved by the Research Ethics committee of Multimedia University Malaysia (Ethics approval number: EA132025) on 15 April 2025. The authors affirm that this study was designed to minimize any potential risks to participants, ensuring their safety, dignity, and well-being.

: Participation was entirely voluntary, and all participants (150 Muslim women entrepreneurs) have been fully informed that their anonymity is assured, the purpose of the research is being conducted, confidentiality of their responses, how the data will be utilized, no risk involved and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection through the online questionnaire cover page, which clearly outlined the study details and assurances of confidentiality. The data collection was carried out in May-July 2025.