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Article History

Received: 12 November 2024

Accepted: 13 April 2026

First Online: 24 April 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study conducted a secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS 2018), collected by the National Youth Policy Institute (NYPI). The original KCYPS data collection was approved by the NYPI Institutional Review Board prior to each survey wave (e.g., Approval No: NYPI-202206-HR-026-01, approved on July 6, 2022 for the 5th wave). For the current secondary data analysis, the Institutional Review Board of Inha University confirmed that ethical approval was exempt (Exemption No: 250513-1 A, Date: May 19, 2025), as this research involved only secondary analysis of anonymized public data with no direct participant contact. All research was performed in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

: During the original KCYPS data collection, the National Youth Policy Institute (NYPI) obtained written informed consent from all participants and their parents/guardians for minors prior to each survey wave (data collection period: 2018–2022 for waves 1–5). The consent process included: (1) consent for survey participation, and (2) consent for personal information collection and use, in accordance with the Korean Statistics Act (Articles 33 and 34) and the Personal Information Protection Act (Article 3). As this study is a secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data with no direct participant contact, additional informed consent was not required.