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Article History

Received: 2 December 2024

Accepted: 13 April 2026

First Online: 8 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study obtained ethical approval from the Academic Ethics Committee of Shantou University (Approval No. STU20230903001; Date of approval: September 03, 2023). The research process complied with the institutional regulations and relevant national guidelines on research involving human participants, and was conducted with reference to the principles set out in the Declaration of Helsinki (1964, and subsequent revisions). The approval encompassed participant recruitment, informed consent procedures, data collection and storage, and dissemination of anonymized findings.

: Written informed consent was obtained from each participant during the period from September 2023 to May 2024. The participants were informed in detail about the research purpose, study design, data usage, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality measures, and their right to withdraw at any point without penalty. All collected information was kept strictly confidential and used solely for academic purposes. No personally identifiable information is reported in this manuscript.