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Authors
Pei, Jiajia
Li, Lingyan
Duan, Mimi
Zhu, Jiaxin
Xia, Haoming
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72474171)
the Shaanxi Provincial Social Science Foundation Project (2025R012)
The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities
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Article History
Received: 6 November 2025
Accepted: 14 April 2026
First Online: 5 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The data used in this manuscript were from a large national social survey (Chinese Family Panel Studies). This study involves a secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data (Chinese Family Panel Studies), so ethical approval was obtained by the CFPS project team, not by the authors of this paper. The CFPS survey was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University of China (Approval No: IRB00001052-14010). All methods employed in the study were performed in accordance with the relevant international guidelines and regulations.
: This study utilizes secondary data previously collected by CFPS. Informed consent was obtained from all participants during the original data collection process. Additional informed consent was not required for this secondary analysis. The informed consent of CFPS project can be found here: .
