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Article History

Received: 9 December 2024

Accepted: 15 April 2026

First Online: 21 May 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures involving human participants in this study were approved by the Ethical Committee of Anhui Normal University (Approval No. AHNU-ET2022002). The study was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments and comparable ethical standards for human research in the social and psychological sciences. All study protocols, including the survey content, recruitment methods and data collection procedures, were reviewed and approved prior to the commencement of data collection.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study prior to data collection. The online questionnaire was preceded by a detailed informed consent statement that clearly outlined the study’s purpose, research procedures, the voluntary nature of participation, the confidentiality and anonymity of all collected data, the right of participants to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty, and the intended use of the study results (for academic research only). Participants were required to explicitly confirm their consent by clicking the “agree” button to access and complete the questionnaire; no participant data was collected from those who declined to provide consent. All participant data were de-identified during data processing and analysis to protect individual privacy, with no personal identifying information linked to the survey responses.